Radioactive planets might exist in the universe, but they don’t look like they are portrayed in science fiction.
Our planet formed with some radioactive elements 4.5 billion years ago, but a large part has already decayed. They still provide some heat deep under our planet's surface, making the inside of our planet warmer than it would be without them. Theoretically, worlds with more radioactive elements could exist, and such planets would be much hotter, even as far as being composed of liquid magma on the surface, even without being that near their star, which could provide additional energy.
Radioactive planets could form from matter ejected during kilonova explosions. They are some of the most cataclysmic events in the universe, and they are caused by collisions of neutron stars. We know that some matter expelled during supernovas can return and cause a new round of planetary formation. The evidence for this is that the first exoplanet ever found by Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan and Canadian astronomer Dale Frail in 1992 is orbiting a pulsar. They are a type of neutron star, and they are born after supernova explosions.
Kilonovas result in the synthesis of massive atomic nuclei, and a large fraction of them are radioactive. Planets that would form from the debris of these cataclysmic events should have a higher radioactive elemental content.
For now, radioactive planets are only hypothetical, as none have been found in the universe yet, but they are plausible to exist.
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